Debt sustainability is the core part of government fiscal sustainability in theory. Many countries have faced economic crises due to the high level of public debt. The rising trend of Iran’, s public debt shows that in a short time debt sustainability is going to be a policy challenge. This study investigates the debt sustainability in Iran in the 1353 to 1398 period. In this regard, Bohn's (2008) method has been used to reveal if the government responds properly to rising Debt by reducing the primary deficit. In order to check for nonlinear relation, Hemistra and Jones (1994) test for nonlinear Granger causality, and the newer version of it by Diks and Panchenko (2006) was applied to the data series. The result indicates no response to the rising debt. I other words, the government does not care about the debt level and the primary deficit is not affected by the debt level.

The main goal of the present paper is to investigate the relationship between inflation and uncertainty, within the related theoretical foundations’ framework in Iran Economy during the years1959-2013 (1338-1392 corresponding to Iranian calendar). For this purpose, the causality relationship between inflation and its uncertainty has been studied using the nonlinear Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) algorithm. Findings show that there is a one-way nonlinear cause from inflation to inflation uncertainty in Iran Economy. In other words, inflation has a significant and a strong effect on inflation uncertainty.

this empirical analysis endeavors to trace out the causal nexus between core inflation and economic growth from the perspective of twenty worlds’ leading economy with the help of the nonlinear Granger causality approach by using time series data from 1981 to 2016. Based on nonlinear Granger causality results, it has been found that there is unidirectional casualty running from core inflation to economic growth in Belgium, Denmark, Franc, Greece, India, Norway, and Portugal as well as Sweden. In these countries, core inflation is causing economic growth. As per as Australia, Canada, Germany, Greece, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom is concerned the outcome of causality analysis documents that there is unidirectional causality running from economic growth towards the core inflation. Finally, the analysis also manifests that there is no causality running from core inflation towards the economic growth and vice-versa in Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, and Spain.

The relationship between credit and economic growth is one of the issues discussed by economists and recent studies have shown that the relationship between credit and economic growth can be nonlinear. The aim of this study was to investigate the nonlinear Granger causality between the credit variable (which is the most important criterion for financial development) and the economic growth variable. For this purpose, Granger causality in the form of MSVAR model and seasonal data in the period 1383: 1 to 1398: 4 have been used. The results show a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and validity and MSVAR model has better explanatory power than its linear competitor (VAR model). According to this study, in regime one (which corresponds to periods of positive economic growth and high credit growth), causality exists only in terms of economic growth to credit, and in regime two (which corresponds to periods of economic growth and low credit growth) Causality is from credit to economic growth. In other words, in periods of prosperity, an increase in credit cannot significantly boost economic growth, and due to credit constraints in bad economic conditions, an increase in credit can affect economic growth

The main objective of this paper is the investigation of nonlinear causality relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran over the period 1973-20 10. For this purpose, Markov- switching technique has been applied to investigate causal relationship. In this study, GDP per capita as economic growth and the compos it e financial index including the ratio of cred it to private sector, the financial depth, the ratio of credit provided by the banking sector and the ratio of gross domestics avings to GDP as financial development index have been used. The empirical re sults indicate that during the period of high economic growth (regime I), there is one way causal relationship from economic growth to financial development theory, but there does not exit any causal relationship between economic growth and financial development during the period of low economic growth (regime 2). Therefore, financial development in both regimes had no effect on economic growth.

Recognizing causal elements and causal relations in the text is among the challenging issues in natural language processing (NLP), specifically in low-resource languages such as Persian. In this research, we prepare a causality human-annotated corpus for the Persian language. This corpus consists of 4446 sentences and 5128 causal relations. Three labels of Cause, Effect, and Causal mark are specified to each relation, if possible. We used this corpus to train a system for detecting causal elements’ boundaries. Also, we present a causality detection benchmark for three machine-learning methods and two deep learning systems based on this corpus. Performance evaluations indicate that our best total result is obtained through the CRF classifier, which provides an F-measure of 0. 76. In addition, the best accuracy (91. 4%) is obtained through the BiLSTM-CRF deep learning method

In this study, using linear and nonlinear Granger causality methods and regression switching, the relationships between the returns of important industry indices in the period 2008 to 2019 in order to invest in economic growth and development were examined. Based on the results obtained in the two periods of 2008 to 2013 and 2018 to 2019: 6, the relationship between the returns of the studied industry index has reached the highest value. In the linear Granger causality approach based on centrality criteria, the returns of metals index, machinery and investment are the most important and the returns of communication and banking index are the least important. It can also be said that the degree of effectiveness and efficiency of industry index returns is well affected by the amount of stock market fluctuations and this importance is asymmetric. In the nonlinear Granger causality approach based on the centrality criterion, the communication sector is the least important and the basic metals, chemical and machinery industries are the most important. In the period 2018 to 2019, the banking sector, automotive and communications industries are the most important and oil and metal products are the least important for investment.

The proposition “ Any essentially possible being requires a cause” must be considered as the precise wording of the causality principle. This is because according to principality of quiddity, the essential possibility is the criterion for quiddity’ s need of a cause, and according to the principality of existence, it is the sign for the of need of its existence to a cause. As for the attributes of the things, this principle is stated as “ the accidental is caused” . This is in contrast to “ the essential is not caused” which refers to the fact that the thing’ s essential attributes do not require a cause. The causality principle is itself a certain statement of the special mode of the principle of “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” and is reduced to it. Thus, as far as self-evidence and non-self-evidence as well as provability and non-provability are concerned, it follows that principle; and as that principle is non-provable evident, so is the causality principle. From the principle of “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” , another principle is derived as follows: the principle of “ impossibility of giving preponderance without a preponderant” which is the statement of the principle “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” for the free-willed agent and his volitional actions, and is non-provable evident just like it.